Just guessing...
1. Try to delete fonts cache file (C:\WINDOWS\system32\FNTCACHE.DAT) and restart your PC.
2. remove all non-english localisation settings (like Cyrillic support) and install again after restart,
3. export two registry keys and compare them with ones from correctly working Windows:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\FontSubstitutes
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Font
4. there is possibility that system fonts (System, Fixedsys, Small Fonts, MS Serif, MS Sans Serif, Courier, Arial CE, Courier New CE, Times New Roman CE, Helv, Tms Rmn) are corrupted, so you can always take them from other PC and install again,