I don't want to be one of those people who don't answer your question, but I have a feeling that's where my response will go

I don't think there's a shortcut around doing a podcast. I mean, a podcast is just recorded audio. You need an application that can record audio and edit it. How much editing power you need depends on you. That's really it.
For example, I record my part of the DC podcasts on my minidisc recorder. Then, if I don't do anything else, I'm done. I can just upload my wav or mp3 file. But since I like to have my music going in the background, I need a program that can layer audio files and tweak it a little (fade-in, fade-out, volume control, etc.). Since I am familiar with Cubase, I just use that for it. Maybe other wav editing programs can do it also, like Wavelab or Sound Forge, but I don't know how they handle multiple tracks.
I'm sure Goldwave is good enough for most purposes, but it doesn't have nearly the power and control of Cubase or more professional audio editing packages. I know there are also a couple of freeware apps like CUbase, but I forgot their names.
It sounds like you're looking for a program that not only records, but also has some fancy playback/authoring features. I don't know of anything like this, but a package like Cubase allows you to do it, but perhaps not in the exact way you described. In Cubase, you can record a whole bunch of tracks with multiple segments in each track. You can move each audio segment around with the mouse...it's pretty flexible. It's all one file, but each part can be extracted, or the whole processed version can also be extracted as a mixdown.
Like I said, I don't think there's a good shortcut.